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Operators ​

Current operators and how they behave.

Syntax ​

echo
+  -  *  /  %
== != < > <= >=
&& || !
=
+= -= *= /= %=

Arithmetic ​

  • + - * / %
  • Unary - is supported
  • "a" + "b" and [1] + [2] concatenate; mixed str + int is a type error

Integer division ​

If both operands are int, / returns an int truncated toward zero.

echo
say(7 / 3);
say(7 / -3);

Output:

text
2
-2

Integer modulo ​

int % int follows truncation-toward-zero. Division or modulo by zero aborts.

Comparison ​

  • == != < > <= >=
  • true == 1 is false
  • Lists and hashes compare structurally

Logical ​

  • && || !
  • && and || short-circuit

Assignment ​

  • =
  • Compound: += -= *= /= %= (same type and mutability rules as x = x + y)
  • arr[i] = value;
  • grid[r][c] = value;

const bindings reject reassignment and compound assign (E3201).

Type unions ​

In type position, | joins members (int | str). || stays boolean or. See the language semantics contract.

See Also ​

Echo is in active development. The docs reflect the current implementation.

Echo Documentation